The Life and Works of Honoré de Balzac, French Novelist

The Life and Works of Honorã © de Balzac, French Novelist Honorã © de Balzac (conceived Honorà ©Ã‚ Balssa, May 20, 1799 †August 18, 1850) was a writer and dramatist in nineteenth-century France. His work framed piece of the establishment of the pragmatist custom in European writing, with specific spotlight on his surprisingly perplexing characters. Quick Facts: Honorã © de Balzac Occupation: WriterBorn: May 20, 1799 in Tours, FranceDied: August 18, 1850 in Paris, FranceKey Accomplishments: Groundbreaking French author whose pragmatist style and complex characters formed the cutting edge novelSelected Work: Les Chouansâ (1829), Eugã ©nie Grandet (1833), La Pã ¨re Goriot (1835), La Comã ©die humaine (gathered works)Quote: There is nothing of the sort as an extraordinary ability without incredible will power.† Family and Early Life Honor㠩’s father, Bernard-Francois Balssa, was from an enormous lower-class family. As a youngster, he endeavored to scale the social stepping stool and in the long run did as such, working for the administrations of both Louis XVI and, later, Napoleon. He changed his name to Francois Balzac to sound progressively like the blue-bloods he currently cooperated with, and in the end wedded the little girl of a well off family, Anne-Charlotte-Laure Sallambier. The age hole was impressive †thirty-two years †and was organized in appreciation for Francois’s help to the family. It never was an adoration coordinate. Regardless of this, the couple had five kids. Honorã © was the oldest to endure early stages, and was nearest in age and friendship to his sister Laure, brought into the world a year later. Honorã © went to the nearby punctuation school, however battled with the unbending structure and thus was a poor understudy, even once he was come back to the consideration of his family and private mentors. It was not until he entered college at the Sorbonne that he started to flourish, examining history, writing, and theory under a portion of the incredible personalities of the day. After school, Honorã © started a profession as a law representative on the exhortation of his dad. He was seriously disappointed with the work, yet it provided him with the chance to come into contact with and watch individuals of varying backgrounds and the ethical situations inalienable in the act of the law. Leaving his law profession caused some disunity with his family, yet Honorã © held firm. Early Career What might be compared to present day â€Å"trashy† soft cover books. He took a stab at reporting, remarking on the political and social condition of the post-Napoleon period in France, and bombed hopelessly at his undertaking when he attempted to get by as a distributer and printer. In this scholarly time, two explicit subgenres of books were stylish both fundamentally and famously: authentic books and individual books (that is, those which portray a particular person’s life in detail). Honorã © grasped this style of composing, carrying his own encounters with indebted individuals, the printing business, and the law into his books. This experience set him apart from the common authors of the past and a large number of his peers, whose information on different lifestyles was altogether gathered from past writers’ delineations. La Comedie Humaine In 1829, he composed Les Chouans, the principal novel he distributed under his own name. This would turn into the main section into his profession characterizing work: a progression of interweaved stories portraying different features of French life during the Restoration and July Monarchy periods (that is, from around 1815 to 1848). At the point when he distributed his next novel, El Verdugo, he again utilized another name: Honorã © de Balzac, instead of just â€Å"Honorà © Balzac.† The â€Å"de† was utilized to mean honorable causes, so Honorã © embraced it so as to more readily fit into regarded circles of society. In a large number of the books that make up La Comedie Humaine, Honorã © moved between clearing pictures of French society all in all and the little, close subtleties of individual lives. Among his best works were La Duchesse de Langeais, Eugenie Grandet, and Pere Goriot. The books ran enormously long, from the thousand-page epic Illusions Perdues to the novella La Fille aux yeux d’or. The books in this arrangement were striking for their authenticity, especially when it went to their characters. As opposed to composing characters who were paragons of acceptable or abhorrence, Honorã © portrayed individuals in a considerably more reasonable, nuanced light; even his minor characters were concealed with various layers. He likewise increased a notoriety for his naturalistic delineations of time and spot, just as driving accounts and complex connections. Honor㠩’s composing propensities were the stuff of legend. He could compose for fifteen or sixteen hours every day, with abundant measures of espresso to fuel his focus and vitality. In numerous occurrences, he got fixated on culminating the littlest subtleties, frequently making change after change. This didn’t essentially stop when the books were sent off to the printers, it is possible that: he baffled numerous a printer by revising and altering much after the verifications were sent to him. Social and Family Life In spite of his over the top work life, Honorã © figured out how to have a flourishing public activity. He was well known in the public arena hovers for his narrating ability, and he tallied different acclaimed figures of the day †including individual author Victor Hugo †among his colleague. His first love was Maria Du Fresnay, a kindred author who was despondently hitched to an a lot more seasoned man. She bore Honor㠩’s little girl, Marie-Caroline Du Fresnay, in 1834. He had likewise had a previous paramour, a more established lady by the name of Madame de Berny, who had spared him from money related ruin preceding his novelistic achievement. Honor㠩’s incredible romantic tale, however, started in a way that appears to be something from a novel. He got an unknown letter in 1832 that condemned the pessimistic portrayals of confidence and of ladies in one of his books. Accordingly, he posted a notice in a paper to draw in his critic’s consideration, and the pair started a correspondence that endured fifteen years. The individual on the opposite side of these letters was Ewelina Hanska, a Polish royal lady. Honorã © and Ewelina were both exceptionally shrewd, enthusiastic individuals, and their letters were loaded with such points. They initially met face to face in 1833. Her a lot more established spouse passed on in 1841, and Honorã © ventured out to St. Petersburg, where she was staying, in 1843 to meet her once more. Since the two of them had confounded accounts, and Ewelina’s family was doubted by the Russian tsar, they couldn't wed until 1850, by which time they were both enduring medical problems. Honorã © had no youngsters with Ewelina, in spite of the fact that he fathered kids from other before undertakings. Passing and Literary Legacy Honorã © just making the most of his marriage for a couple of months before he became sick. His mom showed up so as to bid farewell, and his companion Victor Hugo visited him on the day preceding his passing. Honorã © de Balzac kicked the bucket unobtrusively on August 18, 1850. He is covered in Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, and a sculpture of him, the Balzac Monument, sits at a close by convergence. The best inheritance Honorã © de Balzac deserted was the utilization of authenticity in the novel. The structure of his books, wherein the plot is introduced in consecutive request by an omniscient storyteller and one occasion causes another, was persuasive for some later essayists. Artistic researchers have likewise centered around his investigation of the connections between social standing and character advancement, just as a faith in the quality of the human soul that has suffered right up 'til the present time. Sources Brunetiere, Ferdinand. Honorã © de Balzac. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1906.â€Å"Honore de Balzac.† New World Encyclopedia, 13 January 2018, newworldencyclopedia.org/section/Honore_de_Balzac.â€Å"Honore de Balzac.† Encyclopedia Brittanica, 14 August 2018, https://www.britannica.com/history/Honore-de-Balzac.Robb, Graham. Balzac: A Biography. W. W. Norton Company, New York, 1994.

Cultural Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Critique - Essay Example Jihad (heavenly, or strict, war) is pursued by the mujahideen (‘strugglers’ or Muslim contenders). Jihad is presently regularly connected with fear based oppression Terrorism (hostile to state, state-supported, strict, and so on.) has existed in each country, state and society in some structure or the other (physical, enthusiastic, mental, financial, natural, and so forth.) since times prehistoric. It is intrinsically idle in fundamental human instinct, just it differs in degree and structure from individual to individual and circumstance to circumstance. Fear mongering can be followed back to the ‘Before Common Era’, a non-strict option in contrast to the utilization of BC in assigning the principal time of the Gregorian Calendar. As indicated by Encyclop?dia Britannica Online, â€Å"The antiquated Greek student of history Xenophon (c. 431â€c. 350 BC) composed of the adequacy of mental fighting against adversary populaces. Roman sovereigns, for example, Tiberius (ruled promotion 14â€37) and Caligula (ruled advertisement 37â€41) utilized expulsion, seizure of property, and execution as intends to demoralize restriction to their rule.† The string of psychological warfare persistently extended and â€Å"In the late spring of a.d. ... nce by neighborhood whites in a crusade of psychological militant brutality that toppled the reconstructionist governments in the American South and restored segregation† (Bryant 2002) and in â€Å"1898, 10 September, Empress Elisabeth of Bavaria of Austria-Hungary (ordinarily called Sisi) was cut to death by a youthful Italian revolutionary named Luigi Lucheni, in Geneva† (New York Times 7). Fear monger and damaging exercises have been executed by pretty much every faction and culture, be they in the attire of the Crusades (One to Nine), exercises of the Jewish Zealots known as Sicarii, against frontier struggle among Ireland and the UK, Algeria and France and Vietnam and France and the United States, struggle between national gatherings, for example, Palestinians and Israelis, battling between strict categories, for example, Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland, inward clashes between progressive powers and built up governments, for example, the replacement co nditions of the previous Yugoslavia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Peru, fundamentalist strict ideological conflicts, for example, ?amas and al-Qaeda, self destruction besieging strategies by ?amas and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam, psychological oppressor exercises of the Japanese Red Army, Puerto Rican FALN, Palestine Liberation Organization, among others. It is plentifully clear that fear based oppression isn't a selective quality of a specific socio-strict gathering, faction, nationality, and so forth. It is the indication of the dissatisfactions of disappointed twisted or indoctrinated minds which have been shrewdly controlled to serve the interests of fear based oppressors in doing damaging acts. Psychological militant has no face, persona, religion or ethics. His lone character is dread. He is a confused and misled, without a doubt intellectually enthralled, ‘victim’ prepared for

Before you make plans for Monday COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Before you make plans for Monday COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Instead of our standard display of   our weekly event schedule, today well leave you with a taster for Monday, April 14.   One day at SIPA will enrich your life but if you are looking for more, you can check out our event calendar. The Art of Life in Ãœrümchi: Development Aesthetics and the City in Chinese Central Asia 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm, International Affairs Building, Room 1219 A discussion with Darren Byler, University of Washington Sponsor: Harriman Institute, OASIES Deans Seminar: Governance of the Internet 12:00 pm to 1:15 pm, International Affairs Building, Room 1501 Join Merit E. Janow, Dean, School of International and Public Affairs; Professor, Practice of International Economic Law and International Affairs and an all-star panel of technology experts to discuss regulation and supervision of the internet. Panelists include Gordon Goldstein, Managing Director, Head of External Affairs, Silver Lake Group; Ambassador David Gross, Partner, Wiley Rein, LLP; Eli Noam, Professor of Economics and Finance and Garrett Professor of Public Policy and Business Responsibility at the Columbia Business School; Laura DeNardis, Professor and Associate Dean in the School of Communication at American University; Director of Research for the Global Commission on Internet Governance. Watch live at https://sipa.columbia.edu/live Sponsor: School of International and Public Affairs. Financial Innovation in International Development for Africa 1:00 pm to 2:00 pm, International Affairs Building, Room 407 A talk by Benoît Chervalier, African Development Bank Group Sponsor:   International Finance and Economic Policy Concentration, Alliance Program, Economic and Political Development Concentration SAI: Mary Keatinge Das Lecture with Muzzafar Alam (Chicago) 4:00 pm to 5:30 pm, Knox Hall, Room 208 A talk by Muzzafar Alam, University of Chicago Sponsor: South Asia Institute Varieties of Backyard Management: EU Integration and the Evolution of Economic State Capacities in the Southern and Eastern Peripheries of Europe 4:00 pm to 5:00 pm, International Affairs Building, Room 1201 A talk by Laszlo Bruszt, European University Institute Sponsor: Harriman Institute, Blinken European Institute Strive to Thrive: Redefining Success in the Modern World 6:00 pm to 7:15 pm, Uris Hall, Room 301 A lecture and book signing with Arianna Huffington.  Registration required. Sponsor: Columbia Business Schools Chazen Institute of International Business How the Putin Project is Affecting LGBTI Human Rights in Russias Near Abroad Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan and Moldova 6:15 pm to 8:00 pm, International Affairs Building, Room 1219 A panel discussion on LGBTI Human Rights with Olena Shevchenko, Anna Kirey, Matthew Schaaf. Sponsor: Harriman Institute, Freedom House Come visit us at SIPA.   Were sure you will be hard-pressed to find nothing of interest. For details on future SIPA EVENTS, go to: https://sipa.columbia.edu/experience-sipa/events/list

Illegal Immigration and Equal Rights Essay example

Illegal Immigration and Equal Rights Should immigrants receive the same tolerances that other minority groups have received in the past decades? Should their struggle for equal rights over- shadow the fact that immigration laws are ignored? Pro Amnesty and Anti-Immigration groups have different opinions about these issues The immigration laws that exist in the U.S are not the problem, the problem exist with the people who refuse to enforce them because they contrast the immigrant’s struggles with those of early equal rights movements. The simple fact that the immigration system in this country is broken comes as no surprise to Americans. America admits more legal immigrants than any other country in the world; (Johnson Mac 1) however†¦show more content†¦This should be the other way around, immigrants who enter into our country legally or otherwise should be required to learn and speak English. As this regards to the civil rights argument,’’ By the 1960s , African Americans had multiplied to such an extent that for the first time in American history entire cities--Atlanta, Baltimore, Detroit, Gary, Washington, and others--became majority-black, yielding a new geography of segregation across municipal boundaries. When we first pick up municipal-level segregation in 1950 the black--white dissimilarity across city lines was .35, but three decades later it had reached a value of .49’’ (Douglas S. Massey, Jonathan Rothwell, and Thurston Domina 2). A nation’s identity is reflected in claims regarding the ethnic origin of its citizens, the immigrants fail to assimilate into the original population, and replace its culture with their own. They often isolate themselves into micro level communities and refuse to learn the local language, there self attempts to segregate does not coincide with their claims for equal rights. 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Why Did Lincoln Issue a Proclamation Suspending Habeas Corpus

Shortly after the start of the American Civil War in 1861, President of the United States Abraham Lincoln took two steps intended to maintain order and public safety in the now-divided country. In his capacity as commander in chief, Lincoln declared  martial law in all states and ordered the suspension of the constitutionally protected right to writs of habeas corpus in the state of Maryland and parts of the Midwestern states. The right of writs  of  habeas corpus  are granted in Article I,  Section 9, clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution, which states,  The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. In response to the arrest of Maryland secessionist John Merryman by Union troops, then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Roger B. Taney defied Lincolns order and issued a writ of habeas corpus demanding that the U.S. Military bring Merryman before the Supreme Court. When Lincoln and the military refused to honor the writ, Chief Justice Taney in Ex-parte MERRYMAN declared Lincolns suspension of habeas corpus unconstitutional. Lincoln and the military ignored Taneys ruling. On Sept. 24, 1862, President Lincoln issued the following proclamation suspending the right to writs of habeas corpus nationwide: By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation   Whereas, it has become necessary to call into service not only volunteers but also portions of the militia of the States by draft in order to suppress the insurrection existing in the United States, and disloyal persons are not adequately restrained by the ordinary processes of law from hindering this measure and from giving aid and comfort in various ways to the insurrection; Now, therefore, be it ordered, first, that during the existing insurrection and as a necessary measure for suppressing the same, all Rebels and Insurgents, their aiders and abettors within the United States, and all persons discouraging volunteer enlistments, resisting militia drafts, or guilty of any disloyal practice, affording aid and comfort to Rebels against the authority of United States, shall be subject to martial law and liable to trial and punishment by Courts Martial or Military Commission: Second. That the Writ of Habeas Corpus is suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prison, or other place of confinement by any military authority of by the sentence of any Court Martial or Military Commission. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington this twenty fourth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and of the Independence of the United States the 87th. Abraham Lincoln By the President: William H. Seward, Secretary of State. What is a Writ of Habeas Corpus? A writ of habeas corpus is a judicially enforceable order issued by a court of law to a prison official ordering that a prisoner must  be brought to the court so it can be determined whether or not that prisoner had been lawfully imprisoned and, if not, whether he or she should be released from custody. A habeas corpus petition is a petition filed with a court by a person who objects to his own or anothers detention or imprisonment. The petition must show that the court ordering the detention or imprisonment made a legal or factual error. The right of habeas corpus is the constitutionally bestowed right of a person to present evidence before a court that he or she has been wrongly imprisoned.

In-Class Portion of Final Exam Free Essays

IT630 – Computer Simulation Modeling In-Class Portion of Final Exam (50 points) Dr. Seidman June 10, 2010 DIRECTIONS – READ THIS FIRST INTRODUCTION Exam is from 6:00 pm to 9:15 pm. Answer both questions. We will write a custom essay sample on In-Class Portion of Final Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Total of 50 points. This is an open book, open notes, and open computers exam. This is an individual exam. No collaboration of any kind is permitted. No network connections until you post your answer files to Blackboard when you are done with the exam. You are on the honor system. You have your instructor’s implicit trust. But, you must still hear the consequences of any cheating: immediate failure of the course and a report to the School of Business Dean for possible expulsion from the university. DELIVERY OF ANSWER FILES Put all of your answer files into one folder named: yourNameIT630InClassFinalExam located on your computer desktop. Zip this file. Zip file name should be: yourNameIT630InClassFinalExam. Post to Bb Deliver Here in folder named: WEEK 11: IN-CLASS PORTION OF FINAL EXAM. Check with instructor to see that zip file is posted correctly. After this, you may leave the exam room. QUESTIONS: If you have any questions during the exam – ask your instructor. DIRECTIONS – READ THIS FIRST INTRODUCTION Exam is from 6:00 pm to 9:15 pm. Answer both questions. Total of 50 points. This is an open book, open notes, and open computers exam. This is an individual exam. No collaboration of any kind is permitted. No network connections until you post your answer files to Blackboard when you are done with the exam. You are on the honor system. You have your instructor’s implicit trust. But, you must still hear the consequences of any cheating: immediate failure of the course and a report to the School of Business Dean for possible expulsion from the university. DELIVERY OF ANSWER FILES Put all of your answer files into one folder named: yourNameIT630InClassFinalExam located on your computer desktop. Zip this file. Zip file name should be: yourNameIT630InClassFinalExam. Post to Bb Deliver Here in folder named: WEEK 11: IN-CLASS PORTION OF FINAL EXAM. Check with instructor to see that zip file is posted correctly. After this, you may leave the exam room. QUESTIONS: If you have any questions during the exam – ask your instructor. Question #1 Airport Terminal Arena model (25 points total) PART I: BASE MODEL (10 points) Management wants to study Terminal #1 at a hub airport with an eventual eye toward improvement. The first step is to model it as it is (i. e. , BASE model) during the eight hours of the busiest part of a typical weekday. You will create an Arena model of the check-in and the security operations, only. Once passengers get through security they are on their way to their departure gate and leave the system. Passengers arrive one at a time through the front entrance from curbside ground transportation with interarrival times distributed Expo(0. 5) minutes. [All time units are in minutes. ] Of these arriving passengers, 33% go left to an old-fashioned manual check-in counter. And, 57% of the arriving passengers go right to a new automated check-in counter. These two types of passengers take no time to move from the front entrance to their check-in locations. The remaining 10% of arriving passengers do not need to check in at all and go directly from the front entrance to security. It takes these passengers Unif(3, 5) to move from the front entrance to security. There are two agents at the manual check-in station, fed by a single first-come-first-server queue. Manual check-in service times are Triangular(1, 2, 5). After manual check-in, it takes passengers Unif(2. 5, 6. 5) to walk to the security area. The automated check-in consists of two kiosks and is fed by a single first-come-first-server queue. Automated check-in times are Triangular(0. 5, 1, 1. 5). After checking in, these automated check-in passengers take Unif(1, 3) to walk to the security area. Notice that all types of passengers eventually go to the security area where there are 6 check-in pods fed by a single first-come-first-serve queue. Security check-in times are Triangular(1, 2, 6). This time covers the many security activities in a pod like: x-ray, metal detector, bag search, etc. Once through security, passengers head to their gates and leave the model. Simulate this system for 8 hours and 1 replication. The performance metric of interest is the average total time in the system of passengers (for all types combined). Place this average somewhere on the model in a text-box. Arena file name: YournameIT630Q1BASE. doe. Place file into folder: yourNameIT630InClassFinalExam. Warning: It is your responsibility to make sure that your files are present in your yourNameIT630InClassFinalExam folder and that they open properly. Question #1 (continued) PART II: ALTERNATIVE MODEL (5 points) In PART I, the airline noticed that a lot of people who opt for the manual check-in really don’t need the extra services there and could have used the automated check-in. Instead of the original 33% manual check-in and 57% automated check-in, suppose that the airline is able to encourage only 15% of the arriving passengers to go to the manual check-in and 70% to go to the automated check-in. The other 15% of the arriving passengers go right to security. Nothing else in the Part I model changes. * Revise your Part I Arena model to reflect these changes and name it YournameIT630Q1ALT. doe. Simulate this system for 8 hours and 1 replication. The performance metric of interest is the average total time in the system of passengers (for all types combined). Place this average somewhere on the model in a text-box. PART III: ARENA OUTPUT ANALYZER (10 points) You will need to run the both models for 100 replications. Using the Arena Output Analyzer, compare the average total time in the system of the BASE model against the ALT model to determine whether or not the changes you made actually made a statistically significant difference. Hint: Use the Statistics module. [You may want to turn off the animation to speed things up. Run/Run Control/Batch Run (no animation). ] Place a screen shot of the Output Analyzer comparison results on the YournameIT630Q1ALT. oe model. In a text-box on the same model, say whether the changes made make a statistically significant difference. * Save the Output Analyzer file as: OutAnalyzCompareQ1BASEALTdrg. ————————————————- ALL PARTS OF Q1 Arena file names: yournameIT630Q1BASE. doe yournameIT630Q1ALT . doe yournameOutAnalyzCompareBASEALT. dgr Place these three files into folder named: yourNameIT630InClassFinalExam. Warning: It is your responsibility to make sure that your files are present in your yourNameIT630InClassFinalExam folder and that they open properly. Question #2. Restaurant Arena model (25 points) ————————————————- ————————————————- One customer at a time enters a restaurant according to an Exp(3) minutes distribution. [All time is in minutes. ] This is the lunchtime crowd that eats here between 11:30 am and 2:30 pm. ————————————————- ————————————————- Each customer waits Exp(5) for a table. At the table, the customer places an order which is sent from the customer to the kitchen. The kitchen takes Uniform(5. 5, 9. 5) to prepare the food and then it takes Exp(1. 5) for the lunch food to be sent from the kitchen to the customer’s table. Of course, the food must match up with the particular customer who sent the order. Hint: Use a Separate module (and other associated modules) to accomplish this. ————————————————- ————————————————- When the order arrives to the customer who sent it, it takes the customer Uniform(12, 17) minutes to eat the meal. Then, the customer leaves the table and queues up at the single cashier where it takes the customer Expo(2. 5) to pay for the meal. The customer then leaves the restaurant. ————————————————- * ————————————————- The performance metrics of interest are the 95% Confidence Interval of the average length of time a customer spends in the system and the 95% Confidence Interval of the average number of customers leaving the system after they eat lunch. ————————————————- ————————————————- Run the model for 3 hours and make 20 replications. Report the performance metrics in a text-box on the model. Also, if necessary, note any assumptions you made on a text-box on the model. ————————————————- Arena file name: yournameIT630Q2. doe. Place file into folder: yourNameIT630InClassFinalExam. 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The Tension Displayed in W.B Yeats Poetry free essay sample

When one hears the name ‘Yeats’, one most likely thinks of the man many consider to be Ireland’s greatest ever poet. However, if you were to ask these poets to discuss their favourite aspects of his poetry, I am sure that the response would amount to little more than some ‘umming’ and ‘errring’ and the occasional ‘his alliteration’ from those who remember their days at school. I must admit, I was the same before I began studying his work. Now, however, I consider myself well versed on the subject of Yeats’ poetry. I can identify, as many others can, with his longing to escape the pressures of civilisation and with his desire to possess the courage his heroes did. Above all, I can identify with his wish for an ideal world. Quite frankly, Yeats was a bitter, arrogant and cynical man who, despite his riches and comfortable lifestyle, never seemed happy. An Anglo-Irish descendant, he spent part of his childhood in England, before returning to Dublin for the later part of his education. He was greatly influenced by Maud Gonne, his unrequited lover, and Lady Augusta Gregory, an old friend of his. Yeats spent his life moaning about the problems with the modern world and with his own body. He longed to escape to his ideal world, where he could be young and carefree once again, and be free of the pressures that so irritated him during his life. Many themes are evident throughout Yeats’ work. He displays themes of nature, pacifism and of immortality through art. However, the most visible theme presented in his work is his desire to live in the ideal world. The manner in which his poetry is driven by a tension between the real world in which he lives and his ideal world he imagines is fascinating. The late great Seamus Heaney (another personal favourite) described Yeats as ‘a dreamer, an idealist’. It is hard to disagree with him. Perhaps the clearest example of Yeats’ ideal world is shown in one of his most well-known poems, ‘The Lake Isle of Innisfree’. This popular poem is, in comparison to some of his other work, softly written. It is less a condoning of London, where he was based at the time, and more of a tale of the beauty of Innisfree. Yeats chooses to contrast the dull, grey city life with the vibrant life one can obtain by living in isolation on the isle. He repeats the phrase ‘I will arise and go now’ to great effect in this poem. He wants to go, to escape, to be at one with the world of nature by the lake. He is fed up of London and longs to escape again. There, he can build a small cabin ‘of clay and wattles made’. He will have ‘nine bean rows’ and ‘a hive for the honey bee’. Already, one can see why Yeats desires to live here. What he is describing is beautiful, vibrant, and alive with colour and life. At the same time, he will have ‘some peace there’, which he will have ‘from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings’. Yeats continues to describe his ideal world when he uses alliteration, assonance, sibilance, onomatopoeia and rhythmic metre in one single line, ‘I hear lake water lapping by the shore’. This is the most descriptive line in the poem. I completely identify with what Yeats is saying here. The imagery he uses is magnificent. This comes in sharp contrast to the ‘roadway’ and ‘pavements grey’ he is currently standing on. He realises he cannot go to his ideal world; he must stay, and like everyone else, deal with the pressures of civilisation. He hates the world he lives in, and loves Innisfree. The tension is again evident here. In my opinion, Yeats is simply describing the dream of millions in this poem. We all want to escape to this ideal world (I know I do! ) but we can’t. One has to look on a deeper level to find the ideal world in ‘The Wild Swans at Coole’. It is not presented to us in the most orthodox manner, it has to be said. However, through the theme of time passing, we can find Yeats’ ideal world. It is, quite simply, a world where Yeats is young and carefree once again. He stands at the lake edge at Coole Park and counts ‘nine and fifty swans’. Unfortunately for Yeats, swans travel in pairs. This means that a swan has died; they are no longer the sixty they used to be. Time has passed; age has crept up on Yeats and the swans. Despite the fact that they appear immortal, even the swans have fallen victim to time. If the swans cannot withstand time, what chance has Yeats? It is now ‘the nineteenth autumn since I first made my count’. He admits that ‘all’s changed since I trod with a lighter tread’. He is no longer youthful and energetic; he is getting old and weary. His ideal world would to be one of ‘those brilliant creatures’ who are ‘unwearied still’. ‘Their hearts have not grown old’, unlike Yeats’. As he gets older, his creativity is also in decline. He worries that ‘the woodland paths are dry’, a metaphor for his concern that his reservoir of literary genius is drying up. Once again, the tension is evident. If only he were young once more, but he is not. He isn’t now and he never will be, and Yeats cannot stand this. For me, I found it difficult to discover the ideal world in ‘An Irish Airman Foresees His Death’. Eventually however, by looking deep into the meaning of the poem, I was able to find this ideal world. It links strongly to the other two poems I will discuss, ‘September 1913’ and ‘Easter 1916’. It is here that Yeats first outlines his admiration of courage. Through the theme of escapism once again portrayed, Yeats discusses the boldness and determination of Major Robert Gregory, son of Lady Augusta. He fought and died in World War I, however the irony here is that Gregory died a hero’s death in a war he didn’t care for. ‘Those that I fight I do not hate, those that I guard I do not love’. Why, then, did Gregory fight ‘somewhere among the clouds above’? From my point of view, it is because, to him, ‘the years to come seemed waste of breath’. ‘I balanced all’, he says. ‘I know that I shall meet my fate’, he admits. It is this impulsive decision to escape from the monotony of everyday life that Yeats so admired. Gregory was Yeats’ ideal man living in an ideal world. The ideal world was where one could live their life as they wished. Gregory had the ultimate delight of death in life. WE would all like to escape to a world where we can do as we please. Very few of us have the courage. Gregory was brave enough to escape, although ultimately it cost him his life. Here lies my issue with Yeats. Once more, he presents the tension between the ideal world he imagines and the real world in which he lives. In my eyes, Yeats is blinded by his admiration for Gregory. He seems to forget that Gregory has paid the ultimate price for his bravery. His suicidal, irrational behaviour is neither brave nor courageous. It is downright stupid, yet Yeats cannot seem to see this through his hatred of the real world. The next poem I shall discuss is my personal favourite of Yeats’. It is ‘September 1913’. The theme here is obvious for anyone to see; it is the theme of idealism of the past. This is perhaps the clearest poem in which Yeats displays the tension between the real world and his ideal world. ’ In this poem, the poet attacks the materialistic modern day Irishmen and glorifies the heroes of her revolutionary past. He comes across as bitter, cynical and contemptuous in the first verse as he describes the scrooge-like, cowardly modern man, who would ‘fumble in a greasy till and add the half-pence to the pence†¦ until you have dried the marrow from the bone’. Already one can see how Yeats is debasingly accusing modern Irishmen for their greediness. They are so desperate; they will add any half-pence they can find to their pence. They hide behind their religion by adding ‘prayer to shivering prayer’. They ‘were born to pray and save’, according to Yeats, but one can identify a pun on the word ‘pray’ here. It could be thought of as ‘prey’ and has links to the predator in Alfred Lord Tennyson’s ‘The Eagle’. Either way, Yeats does not like these men. Neither do I after hearing the poet’s description; it is a withering, cynical evaluation of them. Clearly, they are not like Yeats’ heroes of ‘Romantic Ireland’, ‘Edward Fitzgerald†¦ and Robert Emmet and Wolfe Tone’, the men ‘for whom the hangman’s rope was spun’. To Yeats, these men were ideal; they sacrificed their lives for the cause, and displayed courage similar to Major Robert Gregory in ‘An Irish Airman Foresees His Death’, reckless, irrational courage, but courage nonetheless. Tension again is evident here, as these courageous patriots are shown in sharp contrast to the greedy, materialistic men of modern Ireland where Yeats lived. In ‘Easter 1916’, however, Yeats appears to retract and subsequently alter these views of the modern man. He once again displays the theme of idealism here as he pays tribute to his heroes, however these heroes are actually the greedy, materialistic men he attacked in ‘September 1913’ three years previously. In the first verse, he tells of how he used to view the volunteers. He would offer them only a ‘nod of the head’ if he passed them in the street, and would then proceed to think of ‘a mocking tale or gibe’ about them. They all lived in a country where motley, the joker’s clothes, are worn. This country is Ireland. Soon however, his opinion is ‘changed utterly’ and Yeats realises that he is, at last, living in his ideal world. In ‘September 1913’, Yeats criticised the modern man for being greedy and self-centred. Now, all has been ‘transformed utterly’. Yeats lists out the heroic republicans who fought and died, each with ‘a stone of the heart’, as he described them. ‘That woman’, Con Markiewicz, ‘this man’, Padraig Pearse, this other ‘Thomas MacDonagh’. All sacrificed their lives and all deserved a mention in Yeats’ poem. Even ‘this other man†¦ a drunken and vainglorious lout’, Yeats’ mortal enemy and lover of Maud Gonne, John MacBride, ‘has resigned his part†¦ he too has been changed’. Unfortunately, despite his extreme admiration for their courage, Yeats has his reservations. He is not fully converted to the ‘dream†¦ of†¦ Connolly and Pearse’, as he described it. He wonders, despite them being the resolute ‘stone in the midst of it all’, would Ireland have received Home Rule regardless? ‘For England may keep faith for all that is done and said’. In the end, it doesn’t matter; they have allowed Yeats to at least partially live in his ideal world. The first of the two poems I discussed, ‘The Lake Isle of Innisfree’ and ‘The Wild Swans at Coole’ present the ideal world of Yeats as being one where he can be free of the pressures of civilisation, and be young and carefree again. Simply, he wants to be relieved of any pressure. The three other poems, ‘An Irish Airman Foresees His Death’, ‘September 1913’, and ‘Easter 1916’ are closely linked. In the first poem, Yeats depicts the airman as not only brave and admirable but also reckless, impulsive and perhaps even a little crazy. This echoes his presentation of ‘men in action’ in the other two poems. ‘September 1913’, whilst it praises the courage of past Irish leaders, it suggests there was an element of ‘delirium’ in their extreme willingness to lay down their lives for the cause. Similarly, ‘Easter 1916’ praises the bravery of Pearse and MacDonagh but acknowledges that there was something terrible about their self-sacrifice. In the end however, Yeats admired this reckless courage displayed. As Seamus Heaney said, he truly was an idealist.